The Lewis and Clark Air Rifle

… we showed them many curiosities and the air gun which they were much astonished at. Meriwether Lewis, August, 1804

Clock and gun maker Isaiah Lukens of Philadelphia, PA, provided Meriwether Lewis and William Clark one of his air rifles for their 1803-1806 expedition to explore the northwest. Unlike most rifles which used black powder, the air rifle used compressed air to shoot its .31 cal. Bullet. Unlike black powder rifles, an air rifle made little noise when fired. It did not make smoke and had very slight "kick." And, you didn't have to "keep your powder dry!"
The butt of the rifle is actually a metal canister designed with a needle valve to hold compressed air. The air was stored under pressure - between 700 and 900 pounds per square inch! (A modern car tire carries a pressure of 35 pounds per square inch.) When the trigger is pulled, just the right amount of air is carried from the butt to the bullet chamber and the round leaves the barrel with a whish.
…. Although the rifle was used in hunting, its main purpose was to impress the Native Americans Lewis and Clark would meet. Upon returning home Lewis and Clark presented the history-making air rifle back to Isaiah Lukens.

Reprinted from The Corps Explorer of the National Park Service, which borrowed it from theVMI Museum Website.


President Expresses Thanks

August 6, 2002
Dear Ken,
You and the Home Front Chapter members have made me feel like a queen through your tributes to me both here in Albemarle County and in Louisville, KY, during the Annual Meeting of the Foundation. I am overwhelmed with feelings of love and gratitude.
The pewter plate engraved with my name and title as President of the Foundation, 2001-2002, will always have a prominent place in my living room. My activities with the Home Front Chapter prepared me for the job I have just completed, and I think we, together, have made the Foundation a more national-thinking organization through our participation on both the local and national levels. Foundation members will be coming to Charlottesville in droves when the Bicentennial kicks off at Monticello on Jan. 18, 2003. We'll be there to greet them.
I again thank you for your support during this past year. Serving as President of the Foundation has been the highlight of my life as a teacher, homemaker, historian and volunteer. Now I hope to be more help to the chapter as we launch into the Bicentennial years.
Sincerely,
Jane Henley

Call (434) 982-5313 for information about "Lewis and Clark, Thomas Jefferson, and the American West" offered by UVA this fall.

"I'll do it"-and It was Done

Back in January of 1993, at a meeting at the English Inn, when Jane Sale Henley said, "I'll do it," backed up by her cousin Howell Bowen, the Home Front Chapter was born. Nine years later, Jane, President of the National Lewis & Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, was the main speaker at the Home Front Chapter Annual Meeting May 16, 2002.
As historian of the Home Front Chapter (i.e., the one willing to store all the boxes) Jane reminded us of some of the early adventures, such as the initial meeting, securing tax-exempt status, and the trip out West.
"The Lewis and Clark Bicentennial in Virginia: The Beginning and the Triumphant Return" was Jane's main focus at the well-attended meeting. January 18, 1803, Thomas Jefferson wrote to Congress to ask for money for the expedition he had been plotting for two years with his secretary Meriwether Lewis. Thus, the Bicentennial will begin with the January 14-19 "Jefferson's West: A Lewis and Clark Exposition" hosted by Monticello.
Among the events during the four-day celebration will be a noon celebration at Monticello on the 18th, a presentation at Cabell Hall of music in the days of Lewis and Clark, and performances at the Performing Arts Center.
Jane's husband Page Henley, a member of the Charbonneau Society (consisting of the men who follow the women who follow the trail of the Lewis & Clark Expedition), is in charge of vendors for the event. Home Front Chapter will have a booth in Newcomb Hall, and the North Carolina Chapter accepted an invitation to join us there.
Less press has been given to the Triumphant Return

portion of the Bicentennial, but Jane explained that Virginia plays a key role in this phase. The expedition returned to St. Louis on September 23, 1806, accompanied by Big White, a Mandan chief, his wife and son and a translator and his family, all impeccably dressed in contrast to the scruffy corpsmen.
Meriwether Lewis finished a letter to Thomas Jefferson and wrote another to George Rogers Clark, the latter serving as the press release for the expedition, making its way to a major newspaper in Frankfurt.
Lewis's route home led him from the Cumberland Gap along the Wilderness Route (Route 11 and 81 today). His traveling companions included Big White and party. Lewis arrived December 13th in Ivy and was present at a December 15th celebration at Stone's Tavern. In a supplement to Don Jackson's book of Meriwether Lewis's letters are the exact words of this celebration.
The traveling party reached Washington December 28th.
Jane proposed that Home Front Chapter members do some research on the trip back home to fill in some of the blank spots. The North Carolina Chapter is preparing a map. She also proposed a field trip the first weekend in November to Abington and the Cumberland Gap.
The National Park Service's Corps II will reenact the whole expedition and would like to include this portion of the trip. Home Front Chapter can be instrumental in this undertaking.

John Logan Allen at Monticello:
The Matter of Mammoths, and That Mountain of Salt
by Hugh Gildea

     I have always believed that we honor Jefferson, Lewis, and Clark by applying their own methods and approaches. Unless there are compelling considerations for doing otherwise, do things in the same manner that they did, from arranging a council to securing a perimeter. And every group activity affords an opportunity for ethnographic observation and practice in their own way, with any one of the typically enchanting "Evening Conversations at Monticello" programs an exemplary example.
     Jefferson sought to bring wise chiefs from the West; Big White of the Mandans being the one likely first to come to mind. And in his Notes on the State of Virginia, he referenced the speech of Chief Logan, tragically closer to hand. He would be pleased to see that tradition yet alive here, with eminent Western scholars and speakers such as James Ronda (Oklahoma), Gary Moulton (Nebraska), and John Logan Allen (Wyoming) frequent visitors to his mountaintop, bringing wise words of counsel and varied geographic and philosophical perspectives from all across the continent.
     On the evening of July 23, a capacity house was favored by the return of John Logan Allen, who beneath an airy canopy that itself would have been the envy of the Expedition's own staff, enthralled a rapt audience with an earnest examination of the matter of "Thomas Jefferson and the Mountain of Salt."
Attendees of the '95 LCTHF annual meeting here will recall the same speaker's commentary on "Exploring the West from Monticello," delivered in the Rare Book area of the UVA library, and closely based upon the priceless collections of maps, documents, and artifacts then on display there. Drawing upon these to illustrate his points, he related the long cartographic history of chronic fascination with the yet largely unknown (to all but Native Americans) American West.
     Tonight, however, he would use no visual aids, ancient or modern, relying instead on the active imaginations of his listeners to follow the often almost entirely speculative efforts of early day geographers to construct a plausible if unsubstantiated vision of that same region.
     Announced by a drum roll of thunder, from the West, (which Thomas Jefferson Foundation President Daniel Jordan characterized as an expression of displeasure on the part of Jefferson's antagonist Alexander Hamilton), Professor Allen detailed a chronology of Age of Enlightenment intellectual activity sufficient to have at least this member of his audience willing to believe: the narrow dividing ridge presented by the distant Stony Mountains, the easy portage between the two watersheds, the mammoths-and the mountain of salt. That reality proved otherwise, perhaps, should not diminish the beauty of the vision itself or discount the appeal of its logic in the context of the times.
     In the question period, Professor Hantman (one of our locality's own respected chiefs) addressed the fact that although Jefferson's vision had not been flawless in its particulars, it had in the main been largely substantiated by the Expedition's findings: there were volcanoes, and complex Native American cultures; great beasts previously unappreciated if not totally unknown, and extensive deposits, if not an actual mountain, of salt.
     As I grappled mentally with all of this, drained a bit by the heat and worn from the cares of the day, some of the major concepts, and no doubt numerous more subtle elements of the discourse, may well have entirely escaped me. But fortunately more accomplished ethnographers than myself were present, formally audio taping, I believe, the entire evening… just as Lewis and Clark would have done had the technology been available to them. And with the new Jefferson Library at "Kenwood," no doubt we can avail ourselves as to the finer points as often as we please, dispensing entirely with imperfect recollections or poor paraphrases such as this one. And we can all enrich ourselves also with a reading of Dr. Allen's classic Lewis and Clark and the Image of the American Northwest.
     Visitors to Monticello that memorable evening found a new bridge awaiting them at the entranceway. Thanks to Dr. Allen's luminous discourse, his host's warm and cogent welcome and introduction, and the thoughtful observations of his scholarly peers, they just may have discovered one beneath the awning on the west lawn as well.


15 Star Flags Donated to Chapter
Thanks to the Henleys and the Wallenborns, Home Front Chapter now has two fifteen-star flags, reproductions of the flags flown at the time of the Expdition. These two flags were flown in Louisville to commemorate the 34th Annual Meeting of the Lewis & Clark Trail Heritage Foundation.

Return to Home Front
Go to next page